Fashion as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers Essay

Style as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers - Essay Example The paper Design as Base in Involvement in Understanding Consumers is the report understanding purchaser conduct utilizing buy choice inclusion scale proposed by Mittal. What is contribution to the extent buy choice is thought of? A customer has some natural needs esteems and interests and the object of thought must have significance inside that system. Regularly the contribution is of two kinds, one is situational which happens when somebody needs to buy the thing right at that point and needs to settle on a buy choice. There is another all the more suffering structure where the purchaser keeps up the degree of enthusiasm for an item or an assistance , well after the circumstance has passed and bears regardless of whether the buy circumstance doesn't exist. The buy choice contribution includes four gatherings, the individual certainly, the item or the administration class , the circumstance and the correspondence. The scale which Mittal has proposed at an elevated level of suffering association the item or administration would have numerous properties assessed with compensatory choice models a restricted scope of acknowledgment and a genuine brand steadfastness. At the low finish of the scale properties are less significant, the choice model is non compensatory and a wide scope of acknowledgment and deceptive brand steadfastness. Again on the high finish of the scale you have meaningful messages on why the brand is the thing that it is on the low end , the advertisements have little substance. Promotions are less on the very good quality and regular advertisements on the low end. Cost is less significant.

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Title: Adequacy of absense of pain for torment the executives in patients with Sickle Cell Disease Presentation: Tolerant X was a 29-year-old male patient with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD). Beside the complexities related with SCD, for example, entrepreneurial diseases and vaso-occulsive scenes, which prompted extreme scenes of agony, he had no other co-morbidities. Understanding X maintained a family import business, which required successive nearby and abroad travel. During the meeting, Patient X more than once vocalized that the eccentric beginning and the indications of its side effects was meddling with his personal satisfaction as far as monetary cost (loss of business openings) and rest. During intense scenes of agony, contingent upon its seriousness, Patient X would either contact his nearby GP for a remedy of painkillers or present himself at the Emergency Department (ED) to look for alleviation from his torment. SCD influences people with sub-Saharan African, Caribbean and Mediterranean lineage. With a predominance pace of in excess of 100,000 individuals in the United States alone and an occurrence pace of 1 of every 500 births among African-Americans, SCD is a significant general wellbeing concern. (Givens et al. 2007, p. 239) Sickle Cell Pain (SCP) is a typical element in patients with SCD. It is portrayed by scenes of serious torment. As torment the board is basically pharmaceutical in nature, the utilization of absense of pain is of urgent significance in keeping up a patient’s personal satisfaction. In SCP, the two significant classes of absense of pain utilized are non-steroidal enemy of inflammatories (NSAIDS) and narcotics. (See Table 1) Direct records from Patient X during meeting notwithstanding a writing audit which will be talked about later in this article features major psychosocial and medi... ... ED clinician mentalities, practice designs just as low dependence rates in this populace ought to be featured to permit mediation. Following this, activities to improve ED the executives of intense sickle cell sickness torment could elevate progressively proficient approaches to oversee SCD torment, better scattering of national rules, and endeavors to improve negative doctor mentalities toward SCD patients. On account of the perplexing idea of SCP, preferably there ought to be expanded cooperation between forefront doctors, for example, the General professional and the Emergency Physician with topic masters, for example, an Anesthetist (to address intense and interminable agony the board issues) and Hematologist (to treat the fundamental pathophysiology of SCD). This multidisciplinary approach won't just to diminish unfriendly results, yet in addition increment the patient’s personal satisfaction.

Mind Mapping for Children with ASD Uses and Benefits

Mind Mapping for Children with ASD Uses and Benefits Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) face many challenges in life. Their symptoms include difficulties in communication, social impairment as well as repetitive and stereotyped behaviours. Even those with what is called high-functioning autism and Asperger Syndrome have many special needs that have to be met in order for them to integrate with society and be successful throughout the course of their education. “The soul never thinks without a mental image.”  â€" Aristotle What most children with ASD have in common are strong visual skills. They tend to be visual thinkers and learn better through visual means. For those children it is important that caregivers and teachers use visual supports when communicating with them. Images  not only improve memory and recall but also help the child to comprehend information and express their thoughts. One particularly versatile technique that combines texts with images and a graphical structure is  mind mapping, which  is already widely used in educational contexts.   “Often, children can’t learn because one component in their mental ‘circuit board’ is missing. Mind mapping helps them wire the circuit board completely.” Mind mapping offers a number of distinct benefits that are particularly valuable for children with impairments such as ASD. Mind maps enable them to… See the bigger  picture Make out  relationships between individual pieces of information Understand hierarchy and connections While most children are able to comprehend abstract information at a certain age, children with ASD can experience difficulties in this area and, like younger children, they can profit from a learning-by-doing approach, which can be realized by mapping out their thoughts or knowledge about a certain subject.  Because of their graphical structure  as well as their usage of images  and symbols, mind maps also  involve  more senses than plain text normally does. Furthermore, creating a mind map doesn’t feel as much like work as writing linear notes or texts does. Mind mapping feels more like doodling, and thus is actually a lot of fun. Once the child understands the basics of the technique, they can apply it independently and for any given subject. Mind Mapping for Reading Comprehension A Case Study Danny Cayelli is a bright 13-year-old student diagnosed with what is known as high-functioning autism, a type of ASD that compromises his social skills as well as executive functioning. He uses MindMeister for his reading comprehension assignments at school. Danny has problems doing more than one thing at a time. He gets overwhelmed easily and has troubles answering complex questions. “The factual knowledge is there,” his mom, Elsa Cayelli explains, “but it’s like he’s missing a filing structure in his head that would let him access the information efficiently.” When his reading comprehension assignments at school became more difficult, Danny had a hard time keeping up. “He got very frustrated and his grades dropped,” Danny’s mom says. “When we talked to his doctor about it, he suggested Danny do a summary of each chapter as soon as he had finished reading it. That did help, but since Danny was using text documents to do those summaries, he still wasn’t able to organize his thoughts and notes the way he needed to. The big turnaround came when Danny’s English teacher showed him how to use MindMeister.” With it, Danny is able to create mental maps that represent his thoughts in an organized fashion. The visual structure triggers his memory and lets him access information more efficiently than ever before. MindMeister enables Danny to work through his reading assignments and prepare his book reports all on his own. Since he started using the tool, his grades have gone up from an F to a B level and his reading comprehension has improved. But what’s more, he finally enjoys doing his homework again. You can read the complete case study here. An Entire School Based on Mind Mapping According to Tony Buzan, Australia was the first country to apply mind maps in the education of autistic children and has done so with astonishing results.  Seabrook Primary School in Victoria states that it “has had enormous success in student self-confidence and academic achievement following the introduction of mind mapping in 2002”. Their initial efforts were focused on the school’s more difficult students and those with discipline and behavioral problems. They note that mind mapping “enabled them to be far more engaged and less difficult.” For their autistic students, they report that mind maps finally gave them an opportunity to show their knowledge and communicate with their teachers. Studies and Recommendations Over the past few decades a number of studies have been conducted on the subject, one of them by Joy Beaney and Penny Kershaw in 2003*  (“Positive Thinking Skills”). The two women were investigating ways to improvethinking skills of children with ASD and other communication difficulties who were being educated as part of a mainstream class. One of their goals was to provide teachers of such children with practical strategies and tools to be used in the classroom. Among others, they found that one key element is the “specific teaching of ways to record and organize material, with mind maps particularly useful in enabling the children to see both the whole picture and component elements.” Many other experts recommend the use of mind maps and similar techniques in the education of children with ASD, among them Francine Brower (“100 Ideas for Supporting Pupils on the Autistic Spectrum”)**, M. Cathleen Gardill and Asha K. Jitendra (“Advanced Story Map Instruction: Effects on the Reading Comprehension of Students with Learning Disabilities”)***  as well as the National Autistic Society in the UK. Learn More The following map contains a number of articles, books and studies focusing on mind mapping for children with ASD and other learning disabilities. * Beaney, J. and Kershaw, P. (2003) Positive Thinking Skills. Special, Summer. ** Brower, F. (2007) 100 Ideas for Supporting Pupils on the Autistic Spectrum.  London, Continuum. *** Gardill, M. C. and Jitendra, A. K. (1999). Advanced Story Map Instruction: Effects on the Reading Comprehension of Students with Learning Disabilities.

Effects Of Antisocial Personality Disorder On Society

EFFECTS OF ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER The Cause and Effect on Society from being diagnosed with the condition from Adolescence to Adulthood Antisocial Personality Disorder There have been several studies done to demonstrate the condition known as Antisocial Personality Disorder. Around the 19th century it was called, with what the doctors would in the beginning refer to as moral insanity (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 1970). When doctors first came across individuals with this condition, they realized that they were still technically sane even after the abhorrent things these individuals have done. Without care or consequences to anyone but themselves. But it was hard to diagnose since this disorder was so†¦show more content†¦When the word psychopath is mentioned, most people will relate that word to serial killers. But often you are more likely to see them as business men or women, they can have any average day job if their personality and lack of conscience doesn t get in the way. Even though those that are a diagnosed psychopath, sociopath, and ASPD they aren t always the serial killer you see on T.V. Most are smart enough to avoid the attention of the police. Several studies have shown that they more likely to be involved with White collar crimes like stealing an old lady s money from some scam their running, and leave countless victims in their wake. But yes, some do have the potential to become violent and there is evidence to portray that too. Part of being diagnosed as ASPD is the level of potential a person has to be a danger to themselves or others. EFFECTS OF ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DTSORDER Discussion Several articles mentioned above have been written in the late 1900 s. Many advances to these personality disorders have improved since then, especially when it comes to diagnosing the person(s) affected. For the articles used in this discussion and other research done, has had several errors or data that could have changed by theShow MoreRelatedIntroduction . Cases Of Antisocial Personality Disorder1112 Words   |  5 Pages Cases of antisocial personality disorder among the people have become a common phenomenon in many parts of the world. In most cases, children who suffer from conduct disorder end up developing this health problem (Mayo Clinic staff, 2016). It is noted that the advent of antisocial personality starts with disruptive behavior which in most cases is coupled with rude behavior such as involvement in violent and criminal activities. It is evident that this antisocial personality not only affectsRead More Antisocial Personality Disorder Essays935 Words   |  4 PagesAntisocial Personality Disorder They are your neighbors. They are your friends. Maybe they are even your family. You talk with them often, and have even had them over for dinner on occasion. Perhaps your children play in the same playground or spend time in the same social group. Although you have noticed some quirks and idiosyncrasies, you would never know the difference, and you would never expect the worst. After something bad happens that draws your attention to them, you have been forcedRead MoreCase Analysis : Rick Sanchez1700 Words   |  7 Pagesbunkers underneath the home and creating an astronomical electric bill for which he does not take responsibility or compensate them for. This callous and potentially destructive behavior is synonymous with antisocial personality disorder, though Sanchez exhibits many signs of substance abuse disorder as well. By persistently using alcohol Sanchez often puts his grandson, Morty, at risk, and at times becomes threatening or violent towards him. Sanchez also often voices his cravings for alcoholic beveragesRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder959 Words   |  4 Pagestruth: someone you know has Antisocial Personality Disorder. Antisocial Personality Disorder is a personality disorder recognized within the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. This disorder is a lifelong infliction that affects more men than women. An approximate six percent of men and one percent of women in the United States population are considered sociopaths or psychopaths (Wood). In order to be diagnosed with this disorder, the individual must be atRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorders among Criminals1000 Words   |  4 Pages Antisocial Personality Disorders among Criminals Antisocial personality disorder is very common among criminals. Criminals normally have had something in their lives happen to cause these acts of violence or rule-breaking to occur. Personality disorders and social problems are common not only in criminals, but in the general population. The extent to which innocent people are effected by disorders from criminals are diverse, with some actually losing their lives and loved ones. This report it willRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Dsm V )1672 Words   |  7 Pagesof Mental Disorders-V (DSM-V), released in 2013, places psychopathy, along with sociopathy, in the category of ego-syntonic1 personality disorders (Jenkins, 2014). The official term, encompassing both psychopathy and sociopathy, is Antisocial Personality Disorder; this disorder is â€Å"characterized by a long-standing pattern of a disregard for other people’s rights, often crossing the line and violating those rights† (Psych Central, 2014). Those af flicted with Antisocial Personality Disorder act onlyRead MoreTaking a Look at Psychopaths and Sociopaths1325 Words   |  5 Pages Of all the psychiatric disorders, none are more chilling to the world then the psychopaths and sociopaths. These two disorders, categorized as antisocial personality disorders, bring about the absolute worse people and killers that the world has ever known. The infamous serial killers, the people who do the unimaginable, were all psychopaths. The ability of these people to do what they do and know that what they are doing is wrong, is perhaps one of the most chilling and shocking characteristicRead MoreHow Language Deficiency Relates to Antisocial Behavior Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesspeak properly could have numerous effects on a person in society, which could lead to antisocial behavior. If a person becomes antisocial, they lack what it takes to coexist with society in an acceptable manner. The person with this behavior usually affects society in a negative way. Speech is the sound that comes out of our mouth and language is a measure of intelligence. When a person has a problem with either it is called a language disorder. These disorders can be caused by a range of thingsRead MoreDistinguishing Between Some Criminological Terms894 Words   |  4 Pages1990) Antisocial behavior is behavior that causes physical, psychological, or other kinds of damage to a society, whether on purpose or by accident or negligence. Antisocial behavior is not often isolated and recurs with ease for the offender the more often the behavior manifests. (Loeber Keenan, 1994) Extended demonstration of antisocial behavior can lead to classification of Antisocial Personality Disorder, which is a disorder with several very distinct characteristics and signs. Antisocial behaviorRead MoreAntisocial Personality Behavior Essay1311 Words   |  6 PagesAntisocial Personality Behavior When we define abnormal behavior we must keep in mind that â€Å"normal† differs from culture to culture. What it is normal for a person from India is completely strange for a person from Europe, Colombia or Japan. To determine whether a person’s behavior is abnormal psychologist use three basic criteria as follows: Deviation from statistical norms and social norms, maladaptive behavior, and personal distress. If the individual’s behavior is considered â€Å"abnormal†, mental

The In What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Chronicles

The In What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Chronicles Such expenses and consequences, that a man or woman will probably experience include strain and depression related problems, very low self esteem and other types of diseases, which might arise from the situations involved with graphic design (Damian et al 2003). This is of benefit to an individual in order to create stable relationship with different persons in the society, which might allow somebody to develop in all the facets of their life. Admittedly, the underlying issues that cause dishonesty are often intricate and multidimensional. It is likewise very disappointing it isn't easy to locate those who have high integrity and are always honest, regardless of what the consequence. Integrity is tough to explain but a huge part of it is controlled by the values that you decide to have in your life. But as Buffett suggests, too little integrity includes a high price tag. Ok, I Think I Understand In What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples! Violating with the academic integrity cannot assist the student to success later on. Because of that, integrity is important in all regions of life. As integrity is regarded as the basis of the formation of somebody's character, integrity has to begin from somebody by having the ability to stay consistent with their actions, and being truthful to his or her private self. Upholding academic integrity is composed of having a significant amount of honesty and ensuring that whatever perception an individual creates, it has to be truly so. Additionally, I'd like to use both of these articles as reference, because they explains a number of the causes of academic integrity, and a few of the cheating practices. In addition, we attempt to explore what other sources say regarding the maintenance of high academic integrity. The worth of having integrity is something that you will carry with you not just in school, but additionally in different phases of your life. in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Much like anything else online, it's critical to be certain the writing service you select is trustworthy, high-quality, and credible. Integrity looks like an unattainable trait by many and that's due to how it's so much simpler to get through life taking short cuts and lying. If you're already feeling overwhelmed, elect for assistance instead of piling more on your plate. These folks graduate from college thinking they are ready to go out in real life and begin their career with a diploma they don't really deserve to have. It's only natural for the bulk of us to want to get accepted by the people we're surrounded by therefore we conform to their social norms, whether it's morally right for all of us to do so or not. For instance, athletes who've been hurt in mishaps may continue their career in the exact area but just in a different post. Each student's situation differs. The list isn't exhaustive. Front-load the handout with the task accessible. Normally, it's a strong charge of the research problem under study and total word choice. He said some instances of suspected plagiarism the software flags aren't plagiarism but bad citation or students who don't understand academic conventions. If you're not sure about dissertation students the quality of our papers, have a look at sample papers to understand what you can count on from us. in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples - the Conspiracy It's a composition of whatever falls in the class of falsehood, misrepresentation or theft. In relating the individual's acts and values particularly conditions, the value system of a man or woman can be changed in the event the individual can do away with the acts, which display any types of inconsistencies. In occasions where integrity is utilized to define the fantastic acts of someone, hypocrisy can be utilized to describe an individual's actions, which do not appear to conform to the determined value s ystem. Integrity of someone is assessed, whether the man or woman is being observed by other people or not. How to Get Started with in What Ways Do Students Compromise Academic Integrity Essay Samples? Folks often ask how to compose plagiarism-PROOF assignments. However, as it isn't always feasible for a student to produce innovations and authentic work, it's expected that whenever someone else's work was borrowed or referred to during the analysis, it has to be acknowledged through citations, referencing and usage of bibliographies whenever appropriate. Students who mean to cheat will discover a way, despite our very best efforts.

A Microeconomic Analysis of Indian Retail Industry Free Essays

string(89) " COMPETITION AND RIVALRY Competition is one of the means to achieve economic efficiency\." MODERN RETAIL MICRO ECONOMICS PROJECT REPORT ABSTRACT The growing number of modern retail outlets in India on the one hand and frequent sale seasons and talks of underperformance on the other point to a mixed bag and make us wonder whether the sector is on the right growth trajectory. In this report, rather than providing with just the facts, we have tried to understand the modern retail sector from an economist’s point of view and visualize its future-whether it is in its expansion or contraction phase. Motivated by the rising per-capita incomes and increased spending on consumer goods, modern retail stores are coming up with new strategies and plans to unlock the Pandora box of the untapped and unorganized retail sector. We will write a custom essay sample on A Microeconomic Analysis of Indian Retail Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the course of the report, we try to find out – how the retail sector works, major regulations that affect its functioning and the challenges that await the sector and summarize with our analysis and recommendations. Note: We have used where we’ve analyzed the situation from a micro-economic point of view. INTRODUCTION The retail sector in India can broadly be classified as organized and unorganized where the share of unorganized sector is more than 93% of the total and includes the kirana stores, mom and pop stores and the ilk. The organized or modern retail sector on the other hand captures a mere 7% of the total market share. Modern retail is defined as a form of retailing whereby consumers can buy goods from a similar purchase environment across more than one physical location and operates under three levels: Specialist stores catering to some particular category of product such as footwear, pharma beauty, food and grocery etc. classified under level I. Departmental stores that cater to a few categories of retail put under level II, and malls where we find an agglomeration of many departmental stores, hypermarkets etc – classified under level III retail. The figure 1 below shows the various players at different levels of retail. Retail stores can also be classified under ‘lifestyl e’, ‘value’ and ‘luxury’ formats based upon the consumer income segment they target. Figure : Players operating at different levels Figure: Organized Retail Although, the sector boasts of covering almost all the verticals, a look at the markets under different verticals shows that Organized Retail Penetration is extremely low – 2. 4 percent – for the food and grocery, which in contrast makes up for the biggest part of the total retail market. The apparels, foot wear and home decor are the major contributors under organized retail and have been prospering at a rapid pace. The figures below depict the market share and Organized Retail Penetration in different verticals. Figure: Market Share of Different Verticals in Organized Retail Source: CRISIL Figure: Organized retail penetration (%) in different verticals Source: CRISIL Retail almost accounts for around 15% of India’s GDP and thus plays an important role in determining the Indian economic indicators. Organized retail became the apple of everyone’s eye when Vishal Mega Mart profited from its operations in different parts of India. Soon, other players started with their own retail chains such as V-Mart, Big Bazaar, Subhiksha, Pantaloons et al and the market turned into a very competitive market, probably lowering the economic profits of the retailers, and consequently the situation now is that Vishal, Subhiksha and others stand nowhere compared to the biggies such as Reliance, Big Bazaar and others. The major reasons for this are the marketing mix of these brands and benefits from economies of scale. However, because a number of factors go into determining business profitability, it would not be correct to give all credit to the above mentioned factors. Let’s now look at the major player in organized retail in India. MAJOR PLAYERS The organized retail sector of India has many domestic corporate houses competing with their ventures such as Tata’s Chroma, Reliance Trends, Reliance Fresh, Futures Pantaloons, RPG so on. Other than these, fascinated by the Indian demographics and potential market, international players have entered through joint ventures with national players and are planning to compete for the share through such strategies. Major players along with their brands are shown below. * Landmark (books and music) * Croma(multi-brand electronics) * World of Titan (watches) * Tanishq (jewellery) * Titan Eye+ (eye wear) * Westside (lifestyle retail store) * Star Bazaar (hypermarket chain) * Fashion Yatra(family fashion store) * Central (shopping mall) * Big Bazaar (hypermarket) * Pantaloons (fashion outlet) * Blue Sky (sunglasses) * Brand Factory (multi-brand readymade garments) * KB’s Fair Price (essential products) * Navaras(jewellery) Planet Store (multi-brand sports and lifestyle speciality retail) * aLL(fashion garments) * Ethnicity (Indian ethnic wear) * Home Town (home needs), * eZone(electronics), * Furniture Bazaar (home furniture), * Electronics Bazaar(under Big Bazaar, electronics stores) * Home Bazaar (satellite version of Home Town) * Collection I (lifestyle furniture) * Gen M ; One Mobile (mobile phones) * M-Port (electronics) * Shoe Factory (footwear) * Depot (books and music) * Reliance Fre sh (neighbourhood store) * Reliance Mart (supermarket) * Reliance Super (mini-mart) Reliance Digital (consumer durables and information technology) * Reliance Trends (apparel and accessories) * Reliance Wellness (health, wellness and beauty) * iStore(Apple products) * Reliance Footprint (footwear) * Reliance Jewels (jewellery) * Reliance TimeOut(books, music and entertainment) * Reliance AutoZone (automotive products and services) * Reliance Living (home ware, furniture, modular kitchens and furnishings) * Music World (music and home video store) * Books ; Beyond (book store) * Spencers (multi-format retail store) K RAHEJA Shoppers Stop (clothing, accessories, fragrances, cosmetics, footwear and home furnishing store) * Crossword (book store) * Inorbit Mall (fashion, lifestyle, food and entertainment) and Hyper City (hypermarket) As we can see that all major groups in India have opened up their retail stores catering to different sections of the society providing for different needs of the customers. This has resulted in a sort of monopolistic competition in organized retail market in metro and Tier 1cities owing to the large number of variants being offered to the customers. However, in Tier 2 and 3 cities there are fewer of such modern retail stores and the market situation can be compared to oligopoly, but however because of local players and unorganized retail the effects of oligopoly generally don’t show up. The presence of competitors thus affects not only the player, but the industry and the nation as whole. Let’s discuss in brief the effects of competition. COMPETITION AND RIVALRY Competition is one of the means to achieve economic efficiency. You read "A Microeconomic Analysis of Indian Retail Industry" in category "Essay examples" It restrains prices and encourages companies to innovate ; provide better quality of products. In the retail sector competition is driven by many factors, including variety, products, price, quality, service, location, reputation, credit and availability of retail space etc. It can broadly be classified under: 1. Competition because of Internal Factors The large number of groups in multibrand retail such as TATA, Raheja et al and also single brand established foreign players such as Adidas, Nike etc pose a threat to speedy expansion of Indian Retail. . Competition because of External Factors The organized retail industry in India is facing immense competition from the unorganized sector. Traditionally, retailing has been established in India for centuries. It is a low cost structure, mostly owner operated, has negligible real estate and labor costs and little or no taxes to pay. The unorganized retail sector constitutes over 93% of India’s total retail sector and thus, poses a serious hurdle for organized retailers. Because of the largely unorganized nature of Indian retail, inefficiencies have crept in and large number of intermediaries exists, reducing the functional and productive efficiency of the retail industry. The government in power has thus been keen to promote FDI in retail in India. Hundred percent FDI in single brand retail invited global companies for competition in the Indian retail sector. With this the companies are working with a strategy so as to be able to cater to the needs of the consumers and grow volumes by ensuring footfalls, while being able to reduce costs, withstand downturns, and face competition. Here we also see a common practise to prevent other companies from affecting the economic status quo of a country, by imposing barriers and caps on FDI, for example what has been done in multibrand retail. As of now, FDI in multibrand retail cannot exceed the specified cap which has kept global retailers such as Walmart, Carrefour et al from entering the Indian market, although they still do exist in whole sale cash and carry segment. The market structure of the modern retail is that of monopolistic competition in metros ; tier I cities which usually have hundreds of shopping alternatives including multi-brand retail outlets, single brand outlets in the shopping malls and nation-wide chains. Whereas in the tier II ; tier III cities the market structure is oligopoly in nature as they have fewer stores and somewhere only a single super centre or shopping mall. Also if we look at prices of different products in various retail outlets, we find that there is not much difference between the prices, except during periods or seasons of sale. This shows that because of the very competitive nature of modern retail, which now also includes online retail, the players are almost operating at zero economic profit, and thus don’t have much scope to offer different prices for similar products. Moreover almost all use similar technologies and processing techniques to provide the final product and thus the prices cannot be increased significantly, for fear of loss of market share. For example, Pantaloons and Westside have almost the similar brands in offering for the customer, leaving little scope for differentiation or price discrimination. Price discrimination can however happen when we compare lifestyle or luxury and value format stores, value stores charging lesser price for the same product sold at a higher price in lifestyle stores. To gain advantage in such a competitive environment major retailers have started to distinguish themselves by providing products under ‘private labels’. In India, fresh produce purchases are made more often from cart vendors who buy their stock from wholesalers. Retailers have tried to bridge the gap with direct farm procurement  eliminating middlemen and introducing  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ private labels’. They are coming up with new ideas to grab a major share of the market which is prospering (see figure below) because of the following factors: The average income of the middle class population has been increasing at a rate of around 12%, which will result in increased expenditure Increasing proportion of working women in the country Increasing population of employed youth Increasing desire for better standards of living and trends in consumer expenditure Increase in the use of plastic money Emerging markets in Tier II and Tier III cities Figure: Sales (in million Rs. ) plotted against the financial year Source: Company official website These factors may cause a shift in the demand curve, but more number of retailers will be willing to enter and eventually the price would not be impacted much. There would, infact a gradual shift from unorganized to the organized retail. All these and a huge untapped market potential that’s locked in the unorganized retail has motivated modern retailers to invest heavily in marketing and advertising, to grab customer attention and retain them. ADVERTISING Promoting the modern retail brand is very important – especially in metro and Tier I cities. The retailer must strive hard to communicate the USP of the brand and help the end-users know to which brand a particular product belongs influencing the buying behavior of the customer. Not only in India, retail industry all over the world spends large amount of funds on advertising. The figure below shows comparison of expenditure by the retail sector with others on online advertising in the United States Figure 5: US Online Ad Spending The growth of online video ads among the brand marketers and Social networking are primary contributors to the growing market share of the retail sector. Advertising in modern retail is broadly done under the following three categories: Traditional Advertising Traditional advertising means advertising using traditional media such as TV, newspaper, radio, circulars, hoardings etc. For eg. we frequently see advertisements from major retail players such as Big Bazaar, Chroma etc in newspapers. Digital Advertising This form uses advertising using digital media. Video advertising, Mobile advertising etc are some of its examples. Alternative Offers Under this we may have guerilla marketing where the marketer may use graffiti, fliers, deal of the day type offers, groupon etc to promote or advertise the product. Website Communication or on-site communication evaluates how well retailers currently collect the kind of information that helps them localize their own communications with consumers. For this category, we evaluate two criteria: whether the retailer offers localized information about their own stores on their eCommerce site, and whether they solicit customer information – email address and mobile number, prominently on their site. The expansion of the retail sector and the creation of meta-mediaries has provided with increasing job opportunities. JOB CREATION With a CAGR of around 14. 5% in the last five years and the bright prospects of expansion , the the no of jobs in this sector are expected to grow at a fast pace. The existing players will have to face competition from the new players and this would also lead to opening up of new stores and thereby increasing the job opportunities in the country. Shift in consumers preference from traditional stores and shops to departmental stores and hypermarkets is definitely going to put pressure on retailers to provide for adequate staff and services, thereby increasing the number of people employed and thus creating job opportunities. The rural market is home to the 46% of the rich and prosperous people of the country. Besides, these people stay in 17% of the villages of the country. The infrastructure costs in setting up retail outlets in these places are going to be lower compared to the cities. This will encourage the emergence of regional players and would again lead to creation of jobs in many regions. However, some more prospering regions or cities which have shown good growth rates will have an edge over others, even in the same state. Whatever is the case, the supply has to be met with the demand, especially when there is no dearth of labor in India and job creation is highly likely, an event when it comes to the retail sector expansion and penetration. FDI in multi-brand retail is going to be a deciding factor in creation of jobs as well. Once permitted, this will lead to aggressive competition. The entry of new players would balance the supply chain and farmers will be benefitted. If this happens, more people will be attracted towards farming, also contract farming would lead to creation of rural jobs. Moreover, entry of foreign investors is likely to shift the production possibility frontier outwards(see figure below), because they are more likely to invest in storage, supply chain and other capital goods. Retail sector is expected to expand by leaps and bounds in the near future and this would create a lot of jobs. The advancement of technology though can also reduce the manpower required in the long run and the jobs created over a period of time may get killed. The entry of multi brand retailers may also adversely impact the local kirana walas, because they will be able to recover there fixed cost easily and gain from economies of scale. Further, because all food and grocery require very similar capital investment, they also stand to gain from economies of scope. Figure: Expansion of Production Possibility frontier (not by reducing consumption but with introduction of new technology) RECENT TRENDS Growth of Modern Retail India moved from being 10th largest economy in 1990 to 4th largest in 2010 according to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). The growing economy has driven the growth in per capita income of Indian consumers. Indian retail sector (organized and unorganized) has grown by 14. 5% from 2006-07 to 2011-12 and is valued at $396 billion out of which 5-6% is the share of organized retail. Organized retail has had growth more than double of total retail. With the overall rise the penetration of organized retail sector has increased and is expected to grow its share to 10% by the year 2016. Changing shopping behavior Shopping behavior has changed over time, with growing urbanization there has been rise in affluence and growing attraction towards branded goods. The parameters over which modern retail has been faring better than traditional retail are product assortment and range, quality, everything under single roof model. FDI in retail FDI in Single Brand: In 2006, FDI in single brand retail was permitted to the extent of 51% which has recently been increased to 100% in Jan, 2012. There is also a mandate of sourcing of goods from local SMEs and local dealers. FDI in multi-brand sector: International retailers are allowed 100% ownership in cash ; carry wholesale trade stores. But similar initiative in multi-brand retail stores, i. e. allowing 51% FDI has been met by widespread rejection and has been put on hold. Online Retailing Online retailing is gaining popularity in India with growing penetration of internet. It is expected that online retail will triple in size by 2014-15. It will be dominated by branded, low ticket size, easily transportable, lifestyle products and books. Flipkart and Yebhi. com have already established themselves as major players in this segment in the Indian market. Challenges posed by recent developments Indian government intended to bring 51% FDI in multi-retail sector but due to its widespread opposition, it has not been approved yet. This has put entry of world’s leading retail chain in Indian market. A lot has been said about possible loss of potential job and infrastructure development due to this. Besides that the suggested provision of sourcing from local SMEs is also proving to be a deterrent. INDIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET The graph below shows India’s status wiz a wiz status of organized retail in other countries. It can be observed that India still has a long way to go if it wants to increase the share of organized retail in the retail market. Figure: Organized retail as a percentage of total retail in different countries Source: CRISIL In the second half of the 20th century, many countries opened up there markets for Organized Retail and some also opened for multi-brand retail. There were some countries who felt a positive impact of the same, China is one such example; while there were others such as Uk which were adversely affected. India should also proceed with implementing FDI in multi-brand retail in phases, looking for any drawbacks, before it opens up fully. REFERENCES CRISIL Research, http://crisil. com/research/list-of-industries. html# Dun and BradStreet, http://www. dnb. co. in/IndianRetailIndustry/overview. asp Indian retail News, http://www. indiaretailnews. com/ Tata group official website, http://www. tata. com/company/profile. aspx? ectid=oH90Rc8X7Dg= Croma retail, http://www. cromaretail. com/ FDI in Retail, http://cci. gov. in/images/media/ResearchReports/FDI%20in%20Indian%20Retail%20Sector%20Analysis%20of%20Competition%20in%20Agri-Food%20Sector. pdf Futures group Official website, http://futuresgroup. com/ BIBLIOGAPHY Economics by Samuelson and Nordhaus ——————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. Lifestyle formats include departmental stores and specialty stores [ 2 ]. Value formats include supermarkets and hypermarkets [ 3 ]. Retailers can use price differentiation to gain from the consumer surplus [ 4 ]. Private  labels or private  brands  Ã‚  are the brands that are owned and sold by  Ã‚  retailers at their stores   and are typically  priced lower  (5-15 percent)   as compared to  the existing  brands. [ 5 ]. These factors will result in a shift of demand curve to the right [ 6 ]. Source: CRISIL [ 7 ]. Organised retail penetration expected to cross 10 per cent by 2016-17 [ 8 ]. In such cities, the number of market players is very large forming a monopolistic market, brand positioning thus becomes very important to create great brand recall value. [ 9 ]. Unique Selling Proposition [ 10 ]. Opened up multi brand retail in phases. How to cite A Microeconomic Analysis of Indian Retail Industry, Essay examples

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